Persistence of Vision

Persistence of Vision is a concept which mean that we see motion in film, this theory means the human brain, and the eyes retains images for a fraction of second, which explains the reason why the world doesn't go black each time we blink our eyes.
How stop motion work is animation which is made of captured of each frame at a time, with physical objects that are moved between each frame to create a sequence, then when the sequence is of the images is rapidly played it creates the illusion of a characters/objects movement.

Zoetrope.

The Zoetrope was invented by William Honer back in the 1834, first it was called the (The Wheel of the devil) and then it was changed from that name to the (wheel of life) which when it was changed to that name in the 1860s it became quit popular.

Phenakistoscope 

The Phenakistiscope and "Stroboscopic disc" were the first instrumenst to create an illusion of movment based of a variety of rapidly changing pictures, the basic technique used is also used in the Zoetrope, and the ZoopraxiscopE.

The device was invented at around the late 1832 by Plateau, who adopted the name phenakisticop (Phenakisticope of Phenakistiscope, and also by Simon Von stampfer, wh called his version Die Stroboscopischen scheiben.